Menstral cycle

Making babies

1. Put the following words into a sentence:

   The sperm goes into the ovum which gametes the zygote which begins fertilisation.

   1. Compare sperm cells and ova.

      Sperm cells are the male sex cells and ova is thy female sex cell

      explain how fraternal twins are conceived. 

      
      

    

Reproduction question

Q1

Q2

Seminal vesicle produces some of the liquid found in semen 

Ovary produces gametes

Scrotum keeps the slightly cooler than the rest of the body.

Testis produces some of the liquid found in the semen 

Prostate gland produces some of the liquid found in the semen 

Uterus where the baby develops 

Cervix the passageway between the vagina and the uterus 

Fallopian tube where the baby develops 

Q3

A )both produce sex cells neede for fertilization.

B) tubes which transport the sex cells.

C) both become sexually aroused and enlarge in size 

D) where the sperm cells come through 

Q4 

Because this can reduce the amount of sperm produced 

Q5 

To check if they have 

Male reproduction system

Sex cells

Male and female versions. Required for sexual reproduction"

Males - sperm

Female - eggs , ova

Sex cells contain half the number of chromosomes as a body cell has, so when 2 sex cells join together a complete set of genetic materiel is obtained.

In humans 23 chromosomes come from dad

23 chromosomes come from mum.

Sex of offspring is determined by the male

Female xx

Male xy

Reproduction

Q1 

Asexual reproduction occurs when you don't have sex

Sexual reproduction occurs when you have sex with the same species.

Q2

Drones 

Q3

It involves the offspring initially forming as a growth on the parent. When  the bud is capable of catching its own food it breaks away and becomes an dependant animal.

The adult, or parent, worm breaks up into several pieces, each of which develops into an adult worm over time. Each offspring is identical to the parent worm.

Q4

1. By what means do each of the following reproduce? 

   (a) Jellyfish

   Budding
   (b) Malaria parasites

   Fission
   (c) Streptococcus bacteria 

   Fission 

   
   

   Q5

   1. (a) Describe parthenogenesis

      In parthenogenesis, a female produces an egg that develops unfertilised by sperm. 

       (b) Does this process involve sexual or asexual

      No it produces asexually 

      Q7

      Outline what advantages parthenogenesis might offer honeybees when there is an abundance of food.

      
      

Seeing colour

Q1 Copy the table below and record the possible combinations of primary colours and the resulting secondary colours observed on the screen. 

Q2 Predict what will happen if you mix the three secondary colours in equal amounts. 

The colours will mix together and form white.

Q3 Was your prediction correct? If not, suggest why it was not correct. 

Yes,

Yes it was because the 3 main colours 

Optical fibres

What is an optical fibre, how does light travel down the fibre.

A thin glass which light can travel through. The light bounce off the glass and travels through.

How are optical fibres used in endoscope.

According to "How stuff "works endoscopes have two sets of fibers: an outer ring of incoherent fibers that supplies the light, and an inner coherent bundle that transmits the image.

What benefits do endoscopes provide society

They provide less scaring and a new way to observe the body without cutting it open.

Outline the use of fibre optics in telecommunications 

According to How stuff works computer and electronics the fibre optics are coated in a mirror reflecting metal and when light shines in send that image with the light along the thread.

Describe positive and negative impacts of the use of optical fibres in communications.

Positive impacts being that communications speed will be improved and new medical research will benefit the community. 

Negative impacts such as land will have to dug up and construction around suburbs and buildings will need to take place. 

Bibliography 

How stuff works 

A discovery company 

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optics-info.htm

Making colour

Red, blue and green are known as the primary colours as they mix together to make other colours.

Cyan- blue + green

Magenta - red + blue 

Yellow - red + green.

Q1 identify the two parts of the eye responsible for focusing light. 

Lens and the cornea 

Q2 identify whether a short-sighted person has trouble getting a sharp image of distant or near objects.

They have trouble seeing images close up.

Q3 When the eye changes focus from a distant to a near object, explain whether the lens of the eye becomes thicker or thinner. Use a diagram to support your answer.

Q4 Explain how the lens changes shape to accommodate objects of different distances.

The aqueous tumor forms different shapes as it spreads to allow more light in.

Q5

Blue , red and green

Q6Explain how the eye regulates how much light enters it.

The pupil opens and close allowing less light or more light to enter.

Q7Describe how you can demonstrate that light is actually made up of a mixture of colours.

 

 

Colour

The light from the sun is referred to as a white light as it is made up of a mixture of the 7 colours which can be seen in a rainbow. Each colour has a different wavelength. You can also see the different colours when the light is refracted by glass, a prism or oil. Because the colour is bent slightly different angle.to see a green colour the green light is reflected back into our eyes. All the other colour light is absorbed. To see a white object, all colours are reflected back into our eyes. To see black, no light is reflected back into our eyes.

Filters made up of coloured plastic can also change the colour of the light. The colour of the filter tells you what colour of light is allowed to pass through.

Angle of refraction

Results

Angle of incidence       

20 

40

60

80

90

Angle of refraction

51.5

58

71

83

90

Edmodo revision sheet

Q1

define independent, dependant and controlled variable 

Independent -   Free from outside control

Dependant - something that relies on another 

Controlled variable - control variable has different meanings, depending on the area/place in which it is used. The control variable is something that is constant and unchanged in an experiment. 

Q2

When working with an acid you can prevent harmful risks by wearing the proper gear such as science glass. 

If you spill on your self and it hits your glasses instead of your eyes.

Q3

Models are used science because it is easier to understand things.

Chemistry

Q1 

What is the symbol for carbon, sodium, tungsten (you can use the periodic table)

Carbon=C, sodium=NA, tungsten=W

Q2

Define physical property and chemical property

Physical property's are colours, smell, appearances that do not change.

Chemical property's are pH levels, and reactivity.

Q3

Define an element, compound, molecule, mixtures, atomic number, atomic weight

Element- a group of protons, electrons, neutron

Compound- substances made up of 2 or more different element formed together.

Molecule- substances made up of 2 of the same elements.

Mixtures- 2 or more substances together that have no chemical change reaction.

Atomic number- atomic number tells you how many protons and electrons are in an atom

Atomic weight- protons plus the neutrons is the weight of the atom.

Q4

Name the element in group 3 period 3 

Scandium

Q5

Draw a picture of the boron atom

Absorption reflection and refraction

Absorption

The energy of the wave can be absorbed by the substance.

Where does the energy go

It causes some the particles in the substance to vibrate, so it has become heat energy.

Even substances which are transparent , like glass or water absorb some light. In perfectly clear water, light can only penetrate 50 m. By 100m down the ocean it is totally dark.

Reflection

This means to bounce off

Light always reflects at the same angle. At which it hits the reflecting surface

Important points

All waves can be reflected or they can bounce off things 

The reflection of sound wave causes echos 

The reflection of radio waves 

 

Refraction

This occurs when the light penetrates into a transparent substance, such as glass or water.

The light waves changes their speed and can change direction

Q1 when light waves strike any object, any 3 things can happen

List the 3 things

Reflection 

Refraction

Absorption 

Q2

Both the angle are the same

Q3

The smoother the surface the shinned it is 

Q4

A

It happens In water

B

It changes the shape of the image

C

Because the clear water changes the light waves distorting the image.

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence ( the light hits the surface ) .Angle of incidence is the angle between the light ray and the normal. The angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected and the normal.

Light

It can be made artificially 

Is a source of renewable energy 

The sun is a natural source of light

Light produces heat

Can be intensified by lens.

How it enables us to see

What produces light

Can light bend 

Define

 luminous- bright or shinning in the dark

Transparent- allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be seen

Opaque- don't see through

Translucent- allowing light through but be able to see detailed images

Reflection- light bouncing off reflecting light.

Light enables us to see. The major producer of light are stars. The we can see is referred to as visible light. It is also referred to as white light. White light is a mixture of all different oculus of light. Light is a form of energy that falls within the electromagnetic spectrum. Light travels in straight lines in waves. The waves cannot bend, each colour of light has silghtly different wavelength. The different colours of light that makes up white light can be seen in a rainbow.

Light can be 

Absorbed by objects

Bent by objects- refracted

Bounces off - reflected 

The thinnest possible beam of light is called a light ray.

Bush fires

C

Define drought

A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation; a shortage of water resulting from this.

What causes drought

Drought is caused when warm moist air is pushed to South American , which produces rain there and drought here.

What impact does drought have 

Death of animals 

Little or no water

Introduction species

An introduced species, is any living organism that has been relocated into a new ecosystem by human activity. Humans have been responsible for the introduction of many plants and animals into Australia. Some of these introduced species have caused significant changes to the native ecosystems.

Bioaccumiltion

Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism.  Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. 

Year 9 Class work 

Using the internet, on the designated sites, find definitions and answer the following questions. Your answers must be in your own words and you need to reference your sources.

Q1

Define ‘bioaccumulation’. 

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism.

Q2

Identify 3 examples of chemicals that might accumulate in living organisms.

Pesticides, led and mercury 

Q3

Go to the following site: http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/EH/EN/eh-ec.cfm
Outline the steps in bioaccumulation of mercury.  

Give 3 effects of mercury poisoning.

Death, birth defects and brain damage

Q4

Go to the following site: http://www.mercury.utah.gov/bioaccumulation.htm. This is a government site so the information should be reliable. Read to the bottom of the page. Are the steps for bioaccumulation the same as you already outlined above or can you add more information.

Q5

On the bar at the bottom of the page click on ‘mercury facts’. What is mercury? Where is it found? What are some uses of mercury and how does it get into the food chain?

Q6

Write a short paragraph about the Minamata Disaster, Japan. 

Using the following sites: 
http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=90,  http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/11/2241160.htm, 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT

Do some research on the chemical DDT. 
Find out: What is DDT? How does it get into the food chain? What are its effects on animals as it builds up in them? How can we prevent DDT getting into the environment? What steps have countries taken to reduce DDT in the environment?

.

Eco cycles

Types of matter 

Biotic living components of an ecosystem 

Abiotic non living components of an ecosystem 

Organic matter makes up all living things contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 

Rest of matter referred to as inorganic.

Water cycle- water cycle driven by the sun - causes evaporation 98% is found in salt water 

Transpiration - loss of water from plants.

The snow melts and the water runs off into the sea and is evaporated and forms clouds. From their it rain back down onto the mountain forming lakes and snow and it starts again.

Carbon cycle 

Found in all living organisms 

Found in atmosphere as carbon dioxide 

Carbon dioxide used in plants to produce sugar via photosynthesis 

Glucose eaten by animals 

Returns to a gas as carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration or decomposition of dead material.

Also returns via burning of fossil fuels .

Nitrogen cycle 

78% atmosphere nitrogen

Needs to undergo nitrogen fixation via lightening strikes to change to nitrates.

Nitrate dissolves in the rain water and used by plants

Eaten by animals 

Returns to ecosystem via urine.

Core science questions

1. Define the terms ‘scavenger’ and ‘decomposer’ 

A scavenger eats the leftovers of carcass

A decomposes is a fungi that gets rid off the bodies nutrients decomposes it.

1. Identify the process that removes carbon dioxide from the air and converts it to food.

Photosynthesis 

1. Explain why transpiration is necessary in plants.

To move the water around the plants from the roots to the leaves.

1. Identify the organisms that are responsible for absorbing nitrogen from the air.

Plants, animals and some forms of fungi.

1. Explain why animals and plants need nitrogen.

Energy sources in Australia

W1. Name the source of energy

Oil only becomes a source of energy when it is distiller and then can be formed into other useful substances 

2. Is the energy source renewable or non renewable

The energy substances are not renewable 
3. How is energy extracted

It has to be distilled and burned 

4. What do we use the energy for eg running cars, making electricity

This energy is used for petrol which is used in engines.
5. Do we use this in Australia

Yes 
6. Advantages to using this energy form

It is used in most    
7. Disadvantages of using this energy form

It cannot be remade and re used.

NATURAL GAS

1. Name the source of energy

Gas 
2. Is the energy source renewable or non renewable

No it is a fossil fuel
3. How is energy extracted

They suck it out with pipes 
4. What do we use the energy for eg running cars, making electricity

Cooking and fire
5. Do we use this in Australia

Yes 

6. Advantages to using this energy form

It is more affordable and can be made again

7. Disadvantages of using this energy for,

It cannot be re used 

COAL

1. Name the source of energy

Coal 
2. Is the energy source renewable or non renewable

No it is a fossil fuel
3. How is energy extracted

It is burned 
4. What do we use the energy for eg running cars, making electricity

Used in cement 
5. Do we use this in Australia

Yes
6. Advantages to using this energy form

It has variety of uses
7. Disadvantages of using this energy form

It cannot be re made or reused.

Solar

1. Name the source of energy

The sun
2. Is the energy source renewable or non renewable

It is renewable
3. How is energy extracted

It is transferred through solar panels 
4. What do we use the energy for eg running cars, making electricity

Powering a house and hearing water
5. Do we use this in Australia

Yes
6. Advantages to using this energy form

It is renewable 
7. Disadvantages of using this energy form

It cannot get 100% of the sun rays converted into energy.

Biomass 

1. Name the source of energy

Biomass
2. Is the energy source renewable or non renewable

Yes 
3. How is energy extracted

Through. Geological process which can convert it to coal.
4. What do we use the energy for eg running cars, making electricity

Cars and engines 
5. Do we use this in Australia

Yes
6. Advantages to using this energy form

It is renewable 
7. Disadvantages of using this energy form

We still have to put more research towards to use efficiently.

There are a number of different ways we can generate energy.

These include:

Nuclear energy-

Nuclear energy is usually considered to be a non renewable energy source. Although nuclear energy itself is renewable, the materials used in the nuclear power plants is not renewable. 

Nuclear energy harvests the energy from the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear energy is released through nuclear fusion, the process where the nucleus of an atom splits. 

Nuclear power plants are complex machine designed to turn nuclear fission into electricity. 

Nuclear energy is used to make electricity. 

Nuclear energy is used in Australia.

The advantages of nuclear energy is that it does not produce green house gases. Nuclear power plants can be built in rural areas and will not harm the environment.

The disadvantages of nuclear energy is that it produces radioactive material. Nuclear power plants are very hard to build and very complex to run and many places do not have the scientists to run it.

Wind energy

Wind energy is a renewable energy source.

Wind energy is created by the wind turbines from a windmill, when the wind comes it spins the wind turbines which creates energy. The electronics inside the windmill converts the energy into electricity. 

Wind energy is used in Australia. Wind energy is used on lots of farms.

The advantages of wind energy is that is reusable and clean. It does not produce any gases or harmful stuff. 

The disadvantages that comes with wind energy is that it is hard to put a windmill up.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is renewable aslong as the earth is there. 

Geothermal energy is energy that comes from the deeps of the earth. Geothermal emergy is used to make electricity.

Very little people in Australia use geothermal energy as it it is extremly expensive.

The advangtages of geothermal energy is that it is extremly clean and produces no harmfull things to the enviroment. The disadvangtages of geothermal energy is that it is extremly expensive and hard to opperate.

Eyes of the universe

Q1 earth based telescopes such as radio telescopes can travel deeper into to space. They also can pick up smaller sized radio frequencies.

Q2 groups of telescopes are combined to create a sharper quality of image. 

Q3 about the size, shape and movement of every type of star from our own sun to stars at the outer edges of the universe.

Q4  provide views of the universe that could never be seen from the Earth’s surface through the atmosphere.

Q5  

Q6  because super computers can handle large amounts of data and can work faster than normal computers.

Q7 because they can't run forever and their is no way to keep running again once it's gone.

Q8 because we may have different ways of seeing space from earth without having to travel out of the earth atmosphere.

Q9 

 

History of science

10 dot points about astronomy 

1: we are in the milkyway which is amoung other millions of stars.

2: we spin around the sun and the moon spins around the earth.

3: the theory of that the earth was in the centre of the solar system came from the Greeks 

4: the Greeks made a working system made of cogs and brass that showed how the planets moved.

5: the new theory of the solar system was made up of irregular ellipses .

6: Galileo made a new telescope and made it better than the Dutch spyglass.

7: Galileo theory was accepted after his trial in Rome.

8: their much conflict between religon and science 

9. The belief system was spilt two the pagans and the Christians 

10: one astronomer used to read previous recording and calculations 72 times.

Year 9 project based learning task Research booklet

The expanding universe

The universe is constantly expanding. The universe consists of stars, planets, moons nebula, pulsars, black holes and space. Our solar system is approximately 5800 000 000 km from the sun to outside. Our solar system is small part of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

The universe is so large, it cannot be measured in kilometres. Instead we use light years. 1 light year = distance light will travel in one year.

Light travels  at 3000000km per second.

Evidence suggests that is still expanding. The edge of the universe is approx,  1400 million light years.

The stars and galaxies at the edge are moving faster than those in centre. 

Big Crunch- the Big Bang crunch is when dark energy reduces and gravity pulls everything onto it ending the universe .

Big chill- the world freezes over and ends life.

Hormones

Hormones are chemicals messages.

Messages are slower than nerve messages and last longer.

Hormones are produced in endocrine glands and then passed directly into the blood.

Each hormone produced has it's own specific function.

Hormones can act on the whole body,on body systems or individuals organs.

Endocrine glands 

Endocrine glands are located throughout the body

Responsible for the production of hormones 

Endocrine glands include the typhoid, pancreas 

Pituitary gland

 The pituitary gland is the master gland that  controls the other endocrine glands

The pituitary gland produces hormones that act on other organs 

The pituitary gland is also responsible for the production of hormones that influences the reproductive organs and growth before puberty.

How the body response 

Stimulus received   

           $ 

Endocrine gland produces a hormone 

            $

Hormone is carried around the body in the blood 

                  $

Target cells and organs respond to the hormone 

                          $

Homeostasis is restored and the hormone is destroyed by the liver.

Mobile phones

Mobile phones can be detrimental Mendel because the radio frequency being emitted heats up your brain tissue.

This radiation could put you at greater risk of getting brain cancer and tumours in the brain. This causes the brain to absorbs the radiation.

Ways we can avoid this 

Keep your mobile phone a distance if 10 ml away from your head.

Weak signals and frequencies when making calls causes cell phones to release more radio frequency.

The radio frequency is the strongest when it is attempting to make a call, so put your phone on speaker.

Stoke

1. What causes a stroke?

A blood clot in the brain which can cause black outs and stokes.

2. What lifestyle choices can lead to the increased chances of a stroke occurring?

Eating unhealthy foods and not doing excersise.

3. What are some of the signs that someone who is having a stroke displays?

Speech is poor 

Face is droopy 

They can lift their arms 

4. What are some of the treatments for stroke?

• antihypertensives to reduce blood pressure
• antiplatelet agents
• anticoagulants which both prevent blood clots from forming or growing.

Spinal injury

 What does spinal injury involve?

It involves injury and damage to the spine which can cause paralysis.

 2. What paralysis occurs if damage occurs at C4, C6, T6 parts of the spinal cord

C4 body paralysis and full head paralysis 

C6 from the neck down 

T6 from the waist down

3. Research how stem cells could potentially cure spinal injuries

They can rebuild and reconstructed all parts of the spine.

The brain

Brain
The brain is encased in the bony skull, contains approx 25 billion neurons and weighs about 1.4kg. There are 3 main parts to the brain.
The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem

The cerebrum is the largest part and the controls memory, complex thought, logical thinking speech. The cerebrum coordinates muscular activity without thinking about it - balance, co- ordinate muscles when walking so that you do not fall over. The brain stem is the responsible for your heart beat pulse, digestion and breathing.

1 Name the three major structures of the brain and outline the main function of each.

The cerebrum controls the memory and logical thinking 

The Cerebellum coordinates muscular activity without thinking it 

The brain stem keeps your heart pulsing and you breathing and digestion

2 Recall the three structures that protect the brain.

Skull

Fluid 

Meningies 

3Explain why the ‘grey’ matter is concentrated in the cerebrum.

Because it is 90% grey matter 

4 Recall which part of the brain controls

breathing- the brain stem

balancing on a skateboard- the cerebellum

puzzle solving-cerebrum

Screative writing-left side of the brain

Explain why a major injury to the brain stem is often fatal.

Because the connection from the brain or rest of the body is lost and stops everything from working in the body.

If meninges are membranes that protect the brain, what is meningitis?

Meningitis is a brain sickness which is the infection of the meninges 

The brain of an average elephant weighs about six kilograms. Explain why it needs to be so large. 

Because the elephant is so large it needs a larger brain to fully operate and be more powerful to move the muscles in the elephant.

If the left side of the brain is damaged in an accident, it's often the right side of your body that is affected. Investigate why.

Because the motor neurons croos and travel down the spine the rest of the other side of the body 

Nerves and hormones

Responding

Responding

• Responses enable us to changes around us- enhances our chances of survival in a world full of potential threat.
• Respond to info recieved ok our surrounding
• Eg respond to increase temp by increasing sweating, increased blood flow to skin, change clothing.
• Homeostasis- ability of body to stay the same eg always have same body temp same ph blood, glucose levels.
• Requires sequence of steps known as a stimulus - response model
• Sense receptor stimulated (heat, light, pressure etc) -> message sent to an effector (organ such       as a gland or muscle ) which must respond.
• Heat and pain receptors send messages via nerves to an arm muscles to move 
• Total response is often complex involving several parts of the body, some kind of coordination is required.
• Number of structures to detect, transmit, coordinate and respond to stimuli.

The ear

Don't die young

- we use our eyes to see 3 dimensional
- our eyes work together to judge distance and depth.
- smokers are twice as likely to get macular degeneration.
- eating healthy foods can reduce getting macular degeneration.
- 16 million people worldwide have cataracts.

The eye 2

Seeing

Our ability to see upon our eyes ability to bend light and focus the light onto the retina. The light is bent by the cornea and the lens. Once the image comes into focus on the retina, the optic nerve transient an electrical message to the brain so that we can process the information. The iris changes size to alter the amount of light that enters the eye.If the image fails to be focused on the retina, the image will appear blurred.



Short sighted vision

Myopia is the medical term for nearsightedness. People with myopia see objects more clearly when they are close to the eye, while distant objects appear blurred or fuzzy. Reading and close-up work may be clear, but distance vision is blurry.

Long sighted Vision

Also known as hyperopia is an abnormal condition of the eye in which vision is better for distant 

objects than for near objects. It results from the eyeball being too short from front to back, causing images to be focused behind the retina. 

The eye

Noble gases

1. Name the noble gases and list their symbols
Helium- He, Neon- Ne, Argon- Ar, Krypton- Kr, Xeon- Xe, Radon- Rn

2. Explain why noble gases are so un reactive
Noble gases are so un-reactive because they have a full outer shell, so they are stable without having to react to gain or lose electrons.

3. Even though noble gases are usually un reactive some do form compounds under certain extreme conditions. Examine what compounds the noble gases form.
Usually heavier noble gases can form compounds, especially with fluorine and oxygen.
The compound that argon forms is- HArF
Krypton can form KrF2 when in reacts with fluorine
Radon can form RnF2.

Swimming pools

Q1 describe how ph levels of pools are tested

Using your swimming pool test kit you will use the large tube and fill it up to the top solid line with pool water from a depth of 18 inches. Add one drop of solution No. 4 and mix by gently swirling. This solution is sodium thiosulfate, a chlorine neutralizer. 

Add five drops of Solution 2, a phenol red indicator, and mix by gently swirling. Then you have to compare the color with the pH color standards on the plastic tester.

Q2 how to keep your pool at Ph level 7.2 

To raise or lower pH, a pool custodian simply adds acids or alkalis into the water. For example, adding sodium carbonate (soda ash) or baking soda will generally raise the pH, and adding muriatic acid or sodium bisulfate will lower the pH.

Household substance experiment

Aim:
To see what Ph are the house hold items.


Method:
1.Place a drop of lemonade into the tray
2.Add one drop of universal indicator
3.Record the colour change
4.Repeat for all house hold substances.


Safety precaution:
Wear safety glasses



Results:







Household items
Lemonade
Lemon juice
Bi-carb soda
Cloudy ammonia
Apple juice
Vinegar
Radiant
Washing detergent

Acids and Bases

Indicators experiment

  

1. Draw a 4 by grid onto a piece of paper
2. Label the first column indicator.
3. Label the second column acid.
4. Label the third column neutral
5. Label the column base.
6. In the first column record the names of the indicators, litmus, universal indicator, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, bromothymol.
7. Place a plastic sheet over the top of your grid.
8. In the acid colomn
9. Repeat for the natural (water) and base (NaOH)
10. Add a drop of indicator to each of the rows as listed.

Results



Discussion
1. Which indicator is the most useful.
The Universal indicator

2. Which indicator is the least useful
Phenolphthalein

CONCLUSION
The indicator changes the colours of the different